Trait synergies
Exploration of the trait analysis for trait synchrony.
Parameters: environmental correction is TRUE.
Hypotheses
Check all hypotheses between traits and environmental drivers, and among traits
Big PCA
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arthropods (above, herbivores) | ||||||||||||||||
| SLA | ++ | D |
|
NA |
|
NA | 0.44 | 0.29 - 0.58 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.47 | 0.27 | 0.07 | 0.48 | 0.34 - 0.62 | ✅ |
| Seed_mass | – | D |
|
Diaz et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.15 | -0.31 - 0.01 | 0.1127329 | Inconclusive | -0.15 | -0.10 | -0.03 | -0.07 | -0.23 - 0.09 | Inconclusive |
| LDMC | – | D | Tougher = slow | NA | NA | NA | -0.41 | -0.56 - -0.26 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | -0.42 | -0.44 | -0.04 | -0.40 | -0.55 - -0.25 | ✅ |
| LeafN | ++ | D | NA | NA |
|
Diaz et al. 2016 | 0.39 | 0.24 - 0.54 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.14 | 0.36 | 0.21 - 0.51 | ✅ |
| Arthropods (above, omnicarnivores) | ||||||||||||||||
| LeafP | ++ | D | NA | NA |
|
NA | 0.51 | 0.37 - 0.65 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.37 | 0.40 | 0.20 | 0.47 | 0.33 - 0.61 | ✅ |
| Root_tissue_density | – | D | NA | NA |
|
Bergmann et al. 2020 | -0.39 | -0.54 - -0.24 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | -0.31 | -0.29 | -0.14 | -0.30 | -0.46 - -0.15 | ✅ |
| Arthropods (below, herbivores) | ||||||||||||||||
| Aoc_BodySize | – | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.06 | -0.22 - 0.1 | 0.5717197 | Inconclusive | -0.01 | -0.22 | -0.04 | -0.05 | -0.22 - 0.11 | Inconclusive |
| Aoc_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.33 | 0.18 - 0.49 | 0.0001175 | ✅ | 0.51 | 0.17 | -0.10 | 0.35 | 0.2 - 0.51 | ✅ |
| Ah_BodySize | +/- | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.09 | -0.26 - 0.07 | 0.3571858 | Inconclusive | -0.19 | -0.16 | 0.04 | -0.17 | -0.33 - -0.01 | b |
| Arthropods (below, predators) | ||||||||||||||||
| Ah_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.17 | 0.01 - 0.33 | 0.0763964 | ✔ | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.13 | -0.03 - 0.29 | Inconclusive |
| Ah_Generalism | ++ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.33 | 0.17 - 0.48 | 0.0001446 | ✅ | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.07 - 0.39 | ✅ |
| Bats | ||||||||||||||||
| Ah_Generations | ++ | I | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.54 | 0.41 - 0.68 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.47 | 0.36 | 0.18 | 0.44 | 0.29 - 0.59 | ✅ |
| Aoc_b_BodySize | – | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.07 | -0.1 - 0.23 | 0.5136111 | Inconclusive | -0.06 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.07 | -0.09 - 0.23 | Inconclusive |
| Aoc_b_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.07 | -0.09 - 0.23 | 0.5136111 | Inconclusive | 0.23 | 0.05 | -0.10 | 0.08 | -0.08 - 0.24 | Inconclusive |
| Birds (insectivorous) | ||||||||||||||||
| Ah_b_BodySize | – | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.22 | -0.41 - -0.04 | 0.0431460 | ✅ | -0.14 | -0.27 | -0.06 | -0.21 | -0.38 - -0.05 | ✅ |
| Ah_b_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.17 | -0.02 - 0.35 | 0.1290393 | Inconclusive | -0.08 | 0.06 | 0.27 | 0.15 | -0.02 - 0.32 | Inconclusive |
| Ah_b_Generalism | ++ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | -0.04 | -0.23 - 0.15 | 0.7426961 | Inconclusive | 0.11 | -0.01 | -0.17 | -0.11 | -0.3 - 0.08 | Inconclusive |
| Bi_Size | ++ | NA | more = fast | NA | NA | NA | 0.21 | 0.05 - 0.37 | 0.0322472 | ✅ | 0.37 | 0.20 | -0.09 | 0.24 | 0.08 - 0.4 | ✅ |
| Bi_Incub | ++ | NA | more = disturbance | NA | NA | NA | 0.09 | -0.07 - 0.26 | 0.3642085 | Inconclusive | 0.33 | 0.10 | -0.16 | 0.11 | -0.05 - 0.28 | Inconclusive |
| Butterflies | ||||||||||||||||
| Bi_TOffsprings | – | I | Small = fast | NA | NA | NA | -0.07 | -0.23 - 0.1 | 0.5136111 | Inconclusive | -0.35 | -0.09 | 0.20 | -0.07 | -0.23 - 0.1 | Inconclusive |
| Bi_GenLength | – | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.16 | 0 - 0.32 | 0.1004173 | Inconclusive | 0.36 | 0.18 | -0.13 | 0.19 | 0.02 - 0.35 | X |
| Bi_AgeMax | – | I | Small = fast | NA | NA | NA | 0.20 | 0.04 - 0.37 | 0.0330237 | ❌ | 0.34 | 0.22 | -0.09 | 0.24 | 0.08 - 0.4 | ❌ |
| but_flight | ++ | NA | Early emergence favorable bc disturbance starts early | Börschig et al. 2013 | NA | NA | 0.36 | 0.21 - 0.51 | 0.0000427 | ✅ | 0.40 | 0.26 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.05 - 0.37 | ✅ |
| but_GenYear | ++ | NA | High reproduction can compensate mortality due to disturbance | Börschig et al. 2013 | NA | NA | 0.30 | 0.14 - 0.46 | 0.0006893 | ✅ | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.28 | 0.12 - 0.44 | ✅ |
| Collembola | ||||||||||||||||
| but_hibernation | ++ | NA | Later hibernation stage means butterflies ready before disturbance | NA | NA | NA | 0.35 | 0.2 - 0.51 | 0.0000427 | ✅ | 0.33 | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.1 - 0.42 | ✅ |
| but_Size | ++ | NA | Larger wings = more dispersal | Börschig et al. 2013 | NA | NA | 0.21 | 0.05 - 0.37 | 0.0268176 | ✅ | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 0.07 | -0.1 - 0.23 | Inconclusive |
| but_Generalism | ++ | NA | NA | NA | High nutrients = low plant diversity, hence more generalists | NA | 0.18 | 0.02 - 0.34 | 0.0665162 | ✔ | 0.05 | -0.03 | 0.19 | 0.13 | -0.03 - 0.3 | Inconclusive |
| col_Sex | – | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | -0.02 | -0.19 - 0.15 | 0.8354557 | Inconclusive | 0.04 | 0.02 | -0.05 | -0.03 | -0.2 - 0.14 | Inconclusive |
| Microbes | ||||||||||||||||
| col_Gen_per_Year | ++ | NA | Furca = escape disturbance | NA | NA | NA | -0.08 | -0.25 - 0.09 | 0.5008186 | Inconclusive | 0.13 | -0.11 | -0.21 | -0.07 | -0.24 - 0.1 | Inconclusive |
| col_Depth | ++ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | -0.04 | -0.21 - 0.13 | 0.7343040 | Inconclusive | -0.02 | -0.13 | -0.01 | -0.02 | -0.19 - 0.15 | Inconclusive |
| col_Size | – | NA | a/ more resources or b/ selected | NA | NA | NA | 0.00 | -0.16 - 0.17 | 0.9549500 | Inconclusive | -0.14 | -0.01 | 0.14 | 0.00 | -0.17 - 0.17 | Inconclusive |
| mites_DaysAdult | – | NA | longer lifespan = slow | NA | NA | NA | -0.12 | -0.29 - 0.04 | 0.2116668 | Inconclusive | -0.16 | -0.15 | 0.01 | -0.10 | -0.27 - 0.07 | Inconclusive |
| mites_Mass | – | NA | Mass = size = slow | NA | NA | NA | -0.14 | -0.3 - 0.03 | 0.1564787 | Inconclusive | -0.07 | -0.19 | -0.07 | -0.13 | -0.29 - 0.04 | Inconclusive |
| Mites | ||||||||||||||||
| mites_Sex | – | I | Habitat openness = sexual repro, more LUI = more growth | NA | NA | NA | -0.04 | -0.21 - 0.12 | 0.6884583 | Inconclusive | 0.09 | -0.01 | -0.13 | -0.03 | -0.19 - 0.14 | Inconclusive |
| mites_Hab_spec | ++ | NA | more disturbance = more in the soil | NA | NA | NA | -0.02 | -0.19 - 0.15 | 0.8354557 | Inconclusive | -0.13 | -0.05 | 0.10 | -0.02 | -0.19 - 0.14 | Inconclusive |
| mites_Feed_spec | ++ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.16 | -0.01 - 0.32 | 0.1078041 | Inconclusive | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.01 - 0.34 | ✔ |
| P_patho | ++ | NA | More bacteria = more bacterivores | NA | NA | NA | -0.06 | -0.22 - 0.1 | 0.5717197 | Inconclusive | -0.08 | -0.14 | 0.05 | -0.06 | -0.22 - 0.1 | Inconclusive |
| Pb_Size | – | NA | a/ More nutrients = more resources to grow. b/ Disturbance selects smaller size | NA | NA | NA | -0.16 | -0.32 - 0 | 0.1004173 | Inconclusive | -0.15 | -0.07 | -0.04 | -0.12 | -0.29 - 0.04 | Inconclusive |
| Plants (AG) | ||||||||||||||||
| Ps_Size | – | NA | a/ More nutrients = more resources to grow. b/ Disturbance selects smaller size | NA | NA | NA | -0.17 | -0.33 - -0.01 | 0.0814530 | ✔ | 0.04 | -0.03 | -0.24 | -0.13 | -0.29 - 0.03 | Inconclusive |
| mic_FB | – | D and I | Fungi slower than bacteria, linked to slow plant traits | NA | Fungi dominate in low-nutrient soils; associated with slow plants | de Vries et al. 2006, de Vries et al. 2012, Boeddinghaus et al. 2019 | -0.37 | -0.52 - -0.22 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | -0.22 | -0.37 | -0.18 | -0.24 | -0.4 - -0.08 | ✅ |
| mic_Fpathotroph | ++ | NA | Fast= more parasites | check https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23605-y | Fast plant invest less in defenses, so more pathogens | NA | 0.42 | 0.27 - 0.56 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.19 | 0.47 | 0.22 | 0.31 | 0.15 - 0.46 | ✅ |
| mic_O.C.ratio | – | NA | NA | NA |
|
Check Neff 2015, Ramirez 2010, Fierer 2012 | -0.29 | -0.45 - -0.14 | 0.0007344 | ✅ | -0.03 | -0.18 | -0.24 | -0.14 | -0.3 - 0.02 | Inconclusive |
| mic_Bvolume | +/- | D | a/ small cells more efficient for diffusive uptake (-) OR b/ for a given substrate demand, large radius compensates low substrate concentrations | Westoby et al. 2021 | NA | NA | -0.35 | -0.5 - -0.19 | 0.0000427 | B | -0.20 | -0.32 | -0.16 | -0.36 | -0.52 - -0.21 | B |
| Plants (BG) | ||||||||||||||||
| mic_Bgenome_size | – | D | NA | NA |
|
Leff et al. 2015; Konstantinidis (2004) | -0.30 | -0.45 - -0.14 | 0.0006893 | ✅ | -0.28 | -0.28 | -0.08 | -0.09 | -0.25 - 0.07 | Inconclusive |
| Protists | ||||||||||||||||
| bat_mass | – | NA | Large more sensitive to disturbance BUT large less sensitive to urbanisation?? | Farneda et al. 2015, Moir et al. 2021 , Jung et al 2018 | NA | NA | -0.16 | -0.32 - 0 | 0.0928054 | ✔ | -0.13 | -0.19 | -0.06 | -0.22 | -0.38 - -0.06 | ✅ |
| Protists bacterivores | ||||||||||||||||
| bat_lifespan | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.04 | -0.13 - 0.2 | 0.7343040 | Inconclusive | -0.01 | -0.03 | 0.05 | 0.06 | -0.1 - 0.23 | Inconclusive |
| Protists predators | ||||||||||||||||
| bat_offspring | ++ | NA | opposite to size | NA | NA | NA | -0.11 | -0.27 - 0.05 | 0.2718950 | Inconclusive | 0.01 | 0.02 | -0.15 | -0.16 | -0.32 - 0 | X |
Identification of strategy axes for each group
Plants, above- and below-ground
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plants (AG) | ||||||||||||||||
| SLA | ++ | D |
|
NA |
|
NA | 0.44 | 0.29 - 0.58 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.47 | 0.27 | 0.07 | 0.48 | 0.34 - 0.62 | ✅ |
| Seed_mass | – | D |
|
Diaz et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.15 | -0.31 - 0.01 | 0.1127329 | Inconclusive | -0.15 | -0.10 | -0.03 | -0.07 | -0.23 - 0.09 | Inconclusive |
| LDMC | – | D | Tougher = slow | NA | NA | NA | -0.41 | -0.56 - -0.26 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | -0.42 | -0.44 | -0.04 | -0.40 | -0.55 - -0.25 | ✅ |
| LeafN | ++ | D | NA | NA |
|
Diaz et al. 2016 | 0.39 | 0.24 - 0.54 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.14 | 0.36 | 0.21 - 0.51 | ✅ |
| LeafP | ++ | D | NA | NA |
|
NA | 0.51 | 0.37 - 0.65 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.37 | 0.40 | 0.20 | 0.47 | 0.33 - 0.61 | ✅ |
| Plants (BG) | ||||||||||||||||
| Root_tissue_density | – | D | NA | NA |
|
Bergmann et al. 2020 | -0.39 | -0.54 - -0.24 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | -0.31 | -0.29 | -0.14 | -0.30 | -0.46 - -0.15 | ✅ |
## [1] "Plants, All"## Registered S3 methods overwritten by 'car':
## method from
## influence.merMod lme4
## cooks.distance.influence.merMod lme4
## dfbeta.influence.merMod lme4
## dfbetas.influence.merMod lme4
Bacteria & fungi
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microbes | ||||||||||||||||
| mic_FB | – | D and I | Fungi slower than bacteria, linked to slow plant traits | NA | Fungi dominate in low-nutrient soils; associated with slow plants | de Vries et al. 2006, de Vries et al. 2012, Boeddinghaus et al. 2019 | -0.37 | -0.52 - -0.22 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | -0.22 | -0.37 | -0.18 | -0.24 | -0.4 - -0.08 | ✅ |
| mic_Fpathotroph | ++ | NA | Fast= more parasites | check https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23605-y | Fast plant invest less in defenses, so more pathogens | NA | 0.42 | 0.27 - 0.56 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.19 | 0.47 | 0.22 | 0.31 | 0.15 - 0.46 | ✅ |
| mic_O.C.ratio | – | NA | NA | NA |
|
Check Neff 2015, Ramirez 2010, Fierer 2012 | -0.29 | -0.45 - -0.14 | 0.0007344 | ✅ | -0.03 | -0.18 | -0.24 | -0.14 | -0.3 - 0.02 | Inconclusive |
| mic_Bvolume | +/- | D | a/ small cells more efficient for diffusive uptake (-) OR b/ for a given substrate demand, large radius compensates low substrate concentrations | Westoby et al. 2021 | NA | NA | -0.35 | -0.5 - -0.19 | 0.0000427 | B | -0.20 | -0.32 | -0.16 | -0.36 | -0.52 - -0.21 | B |
| mic_Bgenome_size | – | D | NA | NA |
|
Leff et al. 2015; Konstantinidis (2004) | -0.30 | -0.45 - -0.14 | 0.0006893 | ✅ | -0.28 | -0.28 | -0.08 | -0.09 | -0.25 - 0.07 | Inconclusive |
Arthropods, above-ground
Herbivores
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arthropods (above, herbivores) | ||||||||||||||||
| Aoc_BodySize | – | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.06 | -0.22 - 0.1 | 0.5717197 | Inconclusive | -0.01 | -0.22 | -0.04 | -0.05 | -0.22 - 0.11 | Inconclusive |
| Aoc_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.33 | 0.18 - 0.49 | 0.0001175 | ✅ | 0.51 | 0.17 | -0.10 | 0.35 | 0.2 - 0.51 | ✅ |
| Ah_BodySize | +/- | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.09 | -0.26 - 0.07 | 0.3571858 | Inconclusive | -0.19 | -0.16 | 0.04 | -0.17 | -0.33 - -0.01 | b |
| Ah_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.17 | 0.01 - 0.33 | 0.0763964 | ✔ | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.13 | -0.03 - 0.29 | Inconclusive |
| Arthropods (above, omnicarnivores) | ||||||||||||||||
| Ah_Generalism | ++ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.33 | 0.17 - 0.48 | 0.0001446 | ✅ | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.07 - 0.39 | ✅ |
| Ah_Generations | ++ | I | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.54 | 0.41 - 0.68 | 0.0000000 | ✅ | 0.47 | 0.36 | 0.18 | 0.44 | 0.29 - 0.59 | ✅ |
| Arthropods (below, herbivores) | ||||||||||||||||
| Aoc_b_BodySize | – | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.07 | -0.1 - 0.23 | 0.5136111 | Inconclusive | -0.06 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.07 | -0.09 - 0.23 | Inconclusive |
| Aoc_b_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.07 | -0.09 - 0.23 | 0.5136111 | Inconclusive | 0.23 | 0.05 | -0.10 | 0.08 | -0.08 - 0.24 | Inconclusive |
| Ah_b_BodySize | – | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.22 | -0.41 - -0.04 | 0.0431460 | ✅ | -0.14 | -0.27 | -0.06 | -0.21 | -0.38 - -0.05 | ✅ |
| Arthropods (below, predators) | ||||||||||||||||
| Ah_b_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.17 | -0.02 - 0.35 | 0.1290393 | Inconclusive | -0.08 | 0.06 | 0.27 | 0.15 | -0.02 - 0.32 | Inconclusive |
| Ah_b_Generalism | ++ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | -0.04 | -0.23 - 0.15 | 0.7426961 | Inconclusive | 0.11 | -0.01 | -0.17 | -0.11 | -0.3 - 0.08 | Inconclusive |
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Butterflies | ||||||||||||||||
| but_flight | ++ | NA | Early emergence favorable bc disturbance starts early | Börschig et al. 2013 | NA | NA | 0.36 | 0.21 - 0.51 | 0.0000427 | ✅ | 0.40 | 0.26 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.05 - 0.37 | ✅ |
| but_GenYear | ++ | NA | High reproduction can compensate mortality due to disturbance | Börschig et al. 2013 | NA | NA | 0.30 | 0.14 - 0.46 | 0.0006893 | ✅ | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.28 | 0.12 - 0.44 | ✅ |
| but_hibernation | ++ | NA | Later hibernation stage means butterflies ready before disturbance | NA | NA | NA | 0.35 | 0.2 - 0.51 | 0.0000427 | ✅ | 0.33 | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.1 - 0.42 | ✅ |
| but_Size | ++ | NA | Larger wings = more dispersal | Börschig et al. 2013 | NA | NA | 0.21 | 0.05 - 0.37 | 0.0268176 | ✅ | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 0.07 | -0.1 - 0.23 | Inconclusive |
| but_Generalism | ++ | NA | NA | NA | High nutrients = low plant diversity, hence more generalists | NA | 0.18 | 0.02 - 0.34 | 0.0665162 | ✔ | 0.05 | -0.03 | 0.19 | 0.13 | -0.03 - 0.3 | Inconclusive |
Predators
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arthropods (above, omnicarnivores) | ||||||||||||||||
| Aoc_BodySize | – | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | -0.06 | -0.22 - 0.1 | 0.5717197 | Inconclusive | -0.01 | -0.22 | -0.04 | -0.05 | -0.22 - 0.11 | Inconclusive |
| Aoc_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.33 | 0.18 - 0.49 | 0.0001175 | ✅ | 0.51 | 0.17 | -0.10 | 0.35 | 0.2 - 0.51 | ✅ |
| Arthropods (below, predators) | ||||||||||||||||
| Aoc_b_BodySize | – | D | Smaller species evade disturbance more easily | Birkhofer et al. 2015, 2017, see also Blake 1994, Neff et al. 2019, Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.07 | -0.1 - 0.23 | 0.5136111 | Inconclusive | -0.06 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.07 | -0.09 - 0.23 | Inconclusive |
| Aoc_b_Dispersal | ++ | D | Disturbance selects for good dispersers to recolonize the plot after disturbance, Hanson et al. 2016 | Birkhofer et al. 2013, 2015, 2017 , Simons et al. 2016 | NA | NA | 0.07 | -0.09 - 0.23 | 0.5136111 | Inconclusive | 0.23 | 0.05 | -0.10 | 0.08 | -0.08 - 0.24 | Inconclusive |
Protists
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protists | ||||||||||||||||
| P_patho | ++ | NA | More bacteria = more bacterivores | NA | NA | NA | -0.06 | -0.22 - 0.1 | 0.5717197 | Inconclusive | -0.08 | -0.14 | 0.05 | -0.06 | -0.22 - 0.1 | Inconclusive |
| Protists bacterivores | ||||||||||||||||
| Pb_Size | – | NA | a/ More nutrients = more resources to grow. b/ Disturbance selects smaller size | NA | NA | NA | -0.16 | -0.32 - 0 | 0.1004173 | Inconclusive | -0.15 | -0.07 | -0.04 | -0.12 | -0.29 - 0.04 | Inconclusive |
| Protists predators | ||||||||||||||||
| Ps_Size | – | NA | a/ More nutrients = more resources to grow. b/ Disturbance selects smaller size | NA | NA | NA | -0.17 | -0.33 - -0.01 | 0.0814530 | ✔ | 0.04 | -0.03 | -0.24 | -0.13 | -0.29 - 0.03 | Inconclusive |
Birds
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birds (insectivorous) | ||||||||||||||||
| Bi_Size | ++ | NA | more = fast | NA | NA | NA | 0.21 | 0.05 - 0.37 | 0.0322472 | ✅ | 0.37 | 0.20 | -0.09 | 0.24 | 0.08 - 0.4 | ✅ |
| Bi_Incub | ++ | NA | more = disturbance | NA | NA | NA | 0.09 | -0.07 - 0.26 | 0.3642085 | Inconclusive | 0.33 | 0.10 | -0.16 | 0.11 | -0.05 - 0.28 | Inconclusive |
| Bi_TOffsprings | – | I | Small = fast | NA | NA | NA | -0.07 | -0.23 - 0.1 | 0.5136111 | Inconclusive | -0.35 | -0.09 | 0.20 | -0.07 | -0.23 - 0.1 | Inconclusive |
| Bi_GenLength | – | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.16 | 0 - 0.32 | 0.1004173 | Inconclusive | 0.36 | 0.18 | -0.13 | 0.19 | 0.02 - 0.35 | X |
| Bi_AgeMax | – | I | Small = fast | NA | NA | NA | 0.20 | 0.04 - 0.37 | 0.0330237 | ❌ | 0.34 | 0.22 | -0.09 | 0.24 | 0.08 - 0.4 | ❌ |
Mites & collembola
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mites | ||||||||||||||||
| mites_DaysAdult | – | NA | longer lifespan = slow | NA | NA | NA | -0.12 | -0.29 - 0.04 | 0.2116668 | Inconclusive | -0.16 | -0.15 | 0.01 | -0.10 | -0.27 - 0.07 | Inconclusive |
| mites_Mass | – | NA | Mass = size = slow | NA | NA | NA | -0.14 | -0.3 - 0.03 | 0.1564787 | Inconclusive | -0.07 | -0.19 | -0.07 | -0.13 | -0.29 - 0.04 | Inconclusive |
| mites_Sex | – | I | Habitat openness = sexual repro, more LUI = more growth | NA | NA | NA | -0.04 | -0.21 - 0.12 | 0.6884583 | Inconclusive | 0.09 | -0.01 | -0.13 | -0.03 | -0.19 - 0.14 | Inconclusive |
| mites_Hab_spec | ++ | NA | more disturbance = more in the soil | NA | NA | NA | -0.02 | -0.19 - 0.15 | 0.8354557 | Inconclusive | -0.13 | -0.05 | 0.10 | -0.02 | -0.19 - 0.14 | Inconclusive |
| mites_Feed_spec | ++ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.16 | -0.01 - 0.32 | 0.1078041 | Inconclusive | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.01 - 0.34 | ✔ |
## NULL
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Collembola | ||||||||||||||||
| col_Sex | – | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | -0.02 | -0.19 - 0.15 | 0.8354557 | Inconclusive | 0.04 | 0.02 | -0.05 | -0.03 | -0.2 - 0.14 | Inconclusive |
| col_Gen_per_Year | ++ | NA | Furca = escape disturbance | NA | NA | NA | -0.08 | -0.25 - 0.09 | 0.5008186 | Inconclusive | 0.13 | -0.11 | -0.21 | -0.07 | -0.24 - 0.1 | Inconclusive |
| col_Depth | ++ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | -0.04 | -0.21 - 0.13 | 0.7343040 | Inconclusive | -0.02 | -0.13 | -0.01 | -0.02 | -0.19 - 0.15 | Inconclusive |
| col_Size | – | NA | a/ more resources or b/ selected | NA | NA | NA | 0.00 | -0.16 - 0.17 | 0.9549500 | Inconclusive | -0.14 | -0.01 | 0.14 | 0.00 | -0.17 - 0.17 | Inconclusive |
## NULL
Bats
| Trait_short | Expected_direction | Direct/indirect | Disturbance | ref_dist | Resources | ref_res | Est | CI | Padj | Fit_exp | Mowing | Grazing | Fertil | Est_nocorr | CI_nocorr | Fit_exp_nocorr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bats | ||||||||||||||||
| bat_mass | – | NA | Large more sensitive to disturbance BUT large less sensitive to urbanisation?? | Farneda et al. 2015, Moir et al. 2021 , Jung et al 2018 | NA | NA | -0.16 | -0.32 - 0 | 0.0928054 | ✔ | -0.13 | -0.19 | -0.06 | -0.22 | -0.38 - -0.06 | ✅ |
| bat_lifespan | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.04 | -0.13 - 0.2 | 0.7343040 | Inconclusive | -0.01 | -0.03 | 0.05 | 0.06 | -0.1 - 0.23 | Inconclusive |
| bat_offspring | ++ | NA | opposite to size | NA | NA | NA | -0.11 | -0.27 - 0.05 | 0.2718950 | Inconclusive | 0.01 | 0.02 | -0.15 | -0.16 | -0.32 - 0 | X |
## NULL
Try to do a SEM
##
## Pearson's product-moment correlation
##
## data: PCA_pca$ind$coord[, 1] and env_data_lui[Plot %in% dd$Plot, ]$LUI
## t = 9.7547, df = 148, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true correlation is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.5171512 0.7142237
## sample estimates:
## cor
## 0.6255661
Run above-ground model, simple
## [1] "Direct"
## [1] "Indirect"
## [1] "Total"
## [1] "Direct"
## [1] "Indirect"
## [1] "Total"
## [1] "Direct"
## [1] "Indirect"
## [1] "Total"
## [1] "Direct"
## [1] "Indirect"
## [1] "Total"## cfi rmsea rmsea.ci.upper bic
## 0.993 0.070 0.242 2520.742## quartz_off_screen
## 2
Run below-ground model, simple
## lavaan 0.6-9 ended normally after 21 iterations
##
## Estimator ML
## Optimization method NLMINB
## Number of model parameters 40
##
## Used Total
## Number of observations 130 150
##
## Model Test User Model:
##
## Test statistic 3.547
## Degrees of freedom 4
## P-value (Chi-square) 0.471
##
## Parameter Estimates:
##
## Standard errors Standard
## Information Expected
## Information saturated (h1) model Structured
##
## Regressions:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) Std.lv Std.all
## plant ~
## LUI 0.539 0.077 7.036 0.000 0.539 0.525
## Protists_patho ~
## LUI 0.077 0.102 0.751 0.453 0.077 0.077
## plant -0.142 0.100 -1.423 0.155 -0.142 -0.146
## Microbes ~
## LUI 0.163 0.072 2.259 0.024 0.163 0.159
## plant 0.632 0.070 8.982 0.000 0.632 0.633
## Protists_bact ~
## LUI 0.161 0.100 1.607 0.108 0.161 0.161
## plant 0.124 0.122 1.021 0.307 0.124 0.128
## Microbes 0.012 0.119 0.103 0.918 0.012 0.013
## Protists_patho 0.159 0.084 1.904 0.057 0.159 0.161
## Protists_sec ~
## LUI 0.182 0.106 1.720 0.085 0.182 0.177
## Protists_bact -0.070 0.092 -0.765 0.444 -0.070 -0.068
## plant 0.203 0.128 1.583 0.113 0.203 0.203
## Microbes -0.216 0.125 -1.737 0.082 -0.216 -0.216
## Protists_patho -0.043 0.089 -0.489 0.625 -0.043 -0.043
## Mites ~
## LUI 0.171 0.098 1.733 0.083 0.171 0.176
## plant 0.147 0.119 1.236 0.217 0.147 0.156
## Microbes -0.289 0.116 -2.492 0.013 -0.289 -0.306
## Protists_sec -0.036 0.081 -0.445 0.656 -0.036 -0.038
## Protists_bact 0.016 0.085 0.193 0.847 0.016 0.017
## Protists_patho -0.219 0.082 -2.675 0.007 -0.219 -0.227
## Coll ~
## LUI -0.045 0.104 -0.431 0.667 -0.045 -0.045
## Microbes 0.119 0.122 0.969 0.332 0.119 0.123
## plant -0.073 0.126 -0.584 0.559 -0.073 -0.077
## Protists_sec -0.024 0.085 -0.282 0.778 -0.024 -0.025
## Protists_bact 0.080 0.090 0.891 0.373 0.080 0.081
## Protists_patho -0.162 0.086 -1.879 0.060 -0.162 -0.165
## Arth_omnicarni_below ~
## LUI 0.038 0.099 0.384 0.701 0.038 0.039
## Mites 0.177 0.089 1.993 0.046 0.177 0.174
## Coll -0.123 0.086 -1.443 0.149 -0.123 -0.124
## Protists_sec -0.148 0.083 -1.794 0.073 -0.148 -0.154
## plant -0.063 0.096 -0.654 0.513 -0.063 -0.066
## Protists_patho 0.003 0.087 0.031 0.975 0.003 0.003
##
## Variances:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) Std.lv Std.all
## .plant 0.773 0.096 8.062 0.000 0.773 0.724
## .Protists_patho 1.002 0.124 8.062 0.000 1.002 0.985
## .Microbes 0.497 0.062 8.062 0.000 0.497 0.468
## .Protists_bact 0.912 0.113 8.062 0.000 0.912 0.910
## .Protists_sec 1.002 0.124 8.062 0.000 1.002 0.942
## .Mites 0.849 0.105 8.062 0.000 0.849 0.897
## .Coll 0.946 0.117 8.062 0.000 0.946 0.962
## .Arth_mncrn_blw 0.911 0.113 8.062 0.000 0.911 0.929## lavaan 0.6-9 ended normally after 19 iterations
##
## Estimator ML
## Optimization method NLMINB
## Number of model parameters 36
##
## Used Total
## Number of observations 130 150
##
## Model Test User Model:
##
## Test statistic 18.086
## Degrees of freedom 8
## P-value (Chi-square) 0.021
##
## Parameter Estimates:
##
## Standard errors Standard
## Information Expected
## Information saturated (h1) model Structured
##
## Regressions:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) Std.lv Std.all
## plant ~
## LUI 0.539 0.077 7.036 0.000 0.539 0.525
## Protists_patho ~
## LUI 0.077 0.102 0.752 0.452 0.077 0.077
## plant -0.142 0.100 -1.425 0.154 -0.142 -0.146
## Microbes ~
## LUI 0.163 0.072 2.259 0.024 0.163 0.159
## plant 0.632 0.070 8.982 0.000 0.632 0.633
## Protists_bact ~
## LUI 0.174 0.101 1.720 0.085 0.174 0.175
## plant 0.106 0.123 0.860 0.390 0.106 0.109
## Microbes 0.006 0.120 0.049 0.961 0.006 0.006
## Protists_sec ~
## LUI 0.180 0.106 1.697 0.090 0.180 0.175
## plant 0.209 0.128 1.637 0.102 0.209 0.209
## Microbes -0.215 0.125 -1.722 0.085 -0.215 -0.214
## Protists_bact -0.078 0.091 -0.857 0.392 -0.078 -0.075
## Mites ~
## LUI 0.157 0.101 1.556 0.120 0.157 0.163
## plant 0.175 0.122 1.437 0.151 0.175 0.186
## Microbes -0.278 0.119 -2.336 0.020 -0.278 -0.295
## Protists_sec -0.027 0.083 -0.322 0.748 -0.027 -0.028
## Protists_bact -0.020 0.086 -0.234 0.815 -0.020 -0.021
## Coll ~
## LUI -0.055 0.105 -0.520 0.603 -0.055 -0.056
## plant -0.053 0.127 -0.417 0.676 -0.053 -0.055
## Microbes 0.127 0.124 1.022 0.307 0.127 0.132
## Protists_bact 0.053 0.090 0.588 0.557 0.053 0.053
## Protists_sec -0.017 0.086 -0.199 0.842 -0.017 -0.018
## Arth_omnicarni_below ~
## LUI -0.004 0.087 -0.040 0.968 -0.004 -0.004
## Mites 0.177 0.087 2.035 0.042 0.177 0.173
## Coll -0.128 0.085 -1.510 0.131 -0.128 -0.128
## Protists_sec -0.149 0.083 -1.809 0.070 -0.149 -0.156
## Protists_bact 0.034 0.086 0.392 0.695 0.034 0.034
##
## Covariances:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) Std.lv Std.all
## .Protists_patho ~~
## .Arth_mncrn_blw -0.003 0.084 -0.042 0.967 -0.003 -0.004
##
## Variances:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|) Std.lv Std.all
## .plant 0.773 0.096 8.062 0.000 0.773 0.724
## .Protists_patho 1.002 0.124 8.062 0.000 1.002 0.985
## .Microbes 0.497 0.062 8.062 0.000 0.497 0.468
## .Protists_bact 0.937 0.116 8.062 0.000 0.937 0.935
## .Protists_sec 1.004 0.125 8.062 0.000 1.004 0.944
## .Mites 0.895 0.111 8.062 0.000 0.895 0.949
## .Coll 0.972 0.121 8.062 0.000 0.972 0.987
## .Arth_mncrn_blw 0.913 0.113 8.062 0.000 0.913 0.930## cfi rmsea rmsea.ci.upper bic
## 0.936 0.098 0.160 2964.807## [1] "Direct"
## [1] "Indirect"
## [1] "Total"
## [1] "Direct"
## [1] "Indirect"
## [1] "Total"
## [1] "Direct"
## [1] "Indirect"
## [1] "Total"
## [1] "Direct"
## [1] "Indirect"
## [1] "Total"## cfi rmsea rmsea.ci.upper bic
## 0.936 0.095 0.152 3369.102## quartz_off_screen
## 2
Use the parameters defined in the simple SEM
##
## Attaching package: 'scales'## The following object is masked from 'package:purrr':
##
## discard## The following object is masked from 'package:readr':
##
## col_factor## The following object is masked from 'package:viridis':
##
## viridis_pal## Scale for 'size' is already present. Adding another scale for 'size', which
## will replace the existing scale.
## Run above-ground model, full model
Run below-ground model, full lui components
Use the parameters defined in the complex SEMs
get multidiv
## `set.seed(1)` was used to initialize repeatable random subsampling.## Please record this for your records so others can reproduce.## Try `set.seed(1); .Random.seed` for the full vector## ...## 50OTUs were removed because they are no longer
## present in any sample after random subsampling## ...## `set.seed(1)` was used to initialize repeatable random subsampling.## Please record this for your records so others can reproduce.## Try `set.seed(1); .Random.seed` for the full vector## ...## 11288OTUs were removed because they are no longer
## present in any sample after random subsampling## ...Check effect on EF MF
## [1] 496## [1] 496## quartz_off_screen
## 2## quartz_off_screen
## 2##
## Pearson's product-moment correlation
##
## data: Dim.1_all and Dim.1_fun
## t = 11.857, df = 148, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true correlation is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.6054364 0.7718934
## sample estimates:
## cor
## 0.6979747## Start: AIC=-44.48
## Dim.1_fun ~ Dim.1_all
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## <none> 108.58 -44.475
## - Dim.1_all 1 103.14 211.72 53.696## Start: AIC=-31.44
## Dim.1_fun ~ Dim.1_mic
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## <none> 118.44 -31.438
## - Dim.1_mic 1 93.286 211.72 53.696## Start: AIC=-19.43
## Dim.1_fun ~ Dim.1_plants
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## <none> 128.31 -19.434
## - Dim.1_plants 1 83.418 211.72 53.696## Start: AIC=34.29
## Dim.1_fun ~ multidiv
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## <none> 183.57 34.291
## - multidiv 1 28.156 211.72 53.696## Start: AIC=-4.18
## Dim.1_fun ~ LUI
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## <none> 142.04 -4.177
## - LUI 1 69.681 211.72 53.696## Model Estimate (sd)
## 1 Functions slow-fast ~ entire community slow-fast 0.56 (0.05)
## 2 Functions slow-fast ~ plants slow-fast 0.38 (0.04)
## 3 Functions slow-fast ~ bacteria and fungi slow-fast -0.52 (0.05)
## 4 Functions slow-fast ~ LUI 0.68 (0.08)
## 5 Functions slow-fast ~ taxonomic multidiversity -0.43 (0.09)
## Pval R2 adj.P
## 1 3.21625727911058e-23 0.48 1.608129e-22
## 2 8.26295515599654e-18 0.39 1.377159e-17
## 3 2.09759862872059e-20 0.44 5.243997e-20
## 4 1.67387903688761e-14 0.32 2.092349e-14
## 5 4.4768570590818e-06 0.13 4.476857e-06## lavaan 0.6-9 ended normally after 14 iterations
##
## Estimator ML
## Optimization method NLMINB
## Number of model parameters 5
##
## Number of observations 150
##
## Model Test User Model:
##
## Test statistic 0.000
## Degrees of freedom 0
##
## Parameter Estimates:
##
## Standard errors Bootstrap
## Number of requested bootstrap draws 1000
## Number of successful bootstrap draws 1000
##
## Regressions:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|)
## Dim.1_fun ~
## LUI (d) 0.268 0.087 3.077 0.002
## Dim.1_all (a) 0.444 0.049 8.979 0.000
## Dim.1_all ~
## LUI (b) 0.935 0.102 9.210 0.000
##
## Variances:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|)
## .Dim.1_fun 0.680 0.090 7.519 0.000
## .Dim.1_all 1.351 0.165 8.174 0.000
##
## Defined Parameters:
## Estimate Std.Err z-value P(>|z|)
## indirect 0.415 0.071 5.853 0.000
## total 0.684 0.064 10.741 0.000
## diff 0.147 0.146 1.008 0.313## quartz_off_screen
## 2
